Co-Authors:
Cohen, O., S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, Dept. of Virology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Batuman, O., S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, Dept. of Virology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Moskowits, Y., S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, Dept. of Virology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Rozov, A., Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Gootwine, E., Institute of Animal Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Mawassi, M., S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, Dept. of Virology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Bar-Joseph, M., S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, Dept. of Virology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Abstract:
Mechanical inoculations with contaminating tools and propagation of infected budwood were considered the main causes for the omnipresence of multiple viroid species among citrus and other Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fruit trees and grapevines. However, neither means could explain viroid infections of wild trees - scattered on terrains inaccessible to humans - nor the finding of similar viroids among graft-incompatible plants. Northern hybridization of RNA extracts made of scrapings from the surfaces of goat (Capra hircus) horns that were rubbed against etrog (Citrus medica) stems infected with a citrus viroids complex, revealed accumulation of considerable amounts of Citrus exocortis viroids (CEVd) and Hop stunt viroids (HSVd). Experimental transmission of both CEVd and HSVd was obtained by rubbing healthy citrus plants with goat horns that had been rubbed 24 h earlier on infected etrog stems. These results implicate goats as possible vectors of viroids. Transmission via goats could have facilitated the long-range spread of viroids among cultivated and wild plants and vice versa and also among graft-incompatible plants.
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