Santhi, V.S., Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel
Ment, D., Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel
Salame, L., Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel
Soroker, V., Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel
Glazer, I., Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) is highly susceptible to infection by the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. However, to reach and penetrate the insect in its habitat with good efficacy, the nematode infective juveniles (IJs) need to move through the tunnels bored by the feeding insect larvae in the tree trunk. We used a genetic-improvement approach to enhance host-seeking ability (HSA) of these nematode species' IJs. The IJs were allowed to move through a 45-cm L-shaped tube toward red palm weevil larvae. The IJs which reached within 5 cm of the insect larvae were collected and reared. Selection cycles were repeated 15 times. The HSA of S. carpocapsae IJs was enhanced 11-fold (from 3.7 to 39.8% of all IJs reaching proximity of the larvae) and 8.5-fold (from 2.3 to 19.7%) for H. bacteriophora after 10 cycles of selection. Further selections (cycles 11-15) had no significant impact on improving HSA. HSA of the selected lines was highly specific to R. ferrugineus larvae. Selection for improved HSA also enhanced infectivity to R. ferrugineus, Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera littoralis. In addition, it enhanced host penetration 2.7-fold for S. carpocapsae and 1.5-fold for H. bacteriophora, and desiccation tolerance improved 1.2- and 1.7-fold, respectively. Heat tolerance and fecundity of the selected lines were somewhat reduced (MT50 by factors of 1.02 and 1.2 and fecundity by factors of 0.93 and 0.99, respectively) as compared to the foundation population. Improved HSA with substantial improvement of other traits may enhance field performance of these biocontrol agents. © 2016.