Co-Authors:
Auslander, M., Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, Israel, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
Yudkovski, Y., Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, Israel
Chalifa-Caspi, V., National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
Herut, B., Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, Israel
Ophir, R., Weizmann Institute of Science, 71600 Rehovot, Israel, Agricultural Research Organization of Israel, Volcani Center, Plant Sciences, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Reinhardt, R., Max Plank Institute-Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
Neumann, P.M., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
Tom, M., Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, Israel
Abstract:
Individuals of the fish Lithognathus mormyrus were exposed to a series of pollutants including: benzo[a]pyrene, pp-DDE, Aroclor 1254, perfluorooctanoic acid, tributyl-tin chloride, lindane, estradiol, 4-nonylphenol, methyl mercury chloride, and cadmium chloride. Five mixtures of the pollutants were injected. Each mixture included one to three compounds. A microarray was constructed using 4608 L. mormyrus hepatic cDNAs cloned from the pollutant-exposed fish. Most clones (4456) were sequenced and assembled into 1494 annotated unique clones. The constructed microarray was used to identify changes in hepatic gene expression profile on exposure to cadmium administered to the fish by feeding or injections. Thirty-one unique clones showed altered expression levels on exposure to cadmium. Prominently differentially expressed genes included elastase 4, carboxypeptidase B, trypsinogen, perforin, complement C31, cytochrome P450 2K5, ceruloplasmin, carboxyl ester lipase, and metallothionein. Twelve sequences have no available annotation. Most genes (23) were downregulated and hypothesized to be affected by general toxicity due to the intensive cadmium exposure regime. The concept of an operational multigene cDNA microarray, aimed at routine and fast biomonitoring of multiple environmental threats, is outlined and the cadmium exposure experiment has been used to demonstrate functional and methodological aspects of the biomonitoring tool. The components of the outlined system include: (1) spotted array, composed of both pollution-affected and constitutively expressed genes, the latter are used for normalization; (2) standard, repeatable labeling procedure of a reference transcript population; and (3) biomarker indices derived from the profile of expression ratio across the pollution-affected genes, between the field-sampled transcript populations and the reference. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
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