Yehoshua, S.B., Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
Ofir, R., Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Dead Sea, Israel, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Rachmilevitch, S., Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boquer Campus, Midreshet, Ben Gurion, Israel
Amiel, E., Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boquer Campus, Midreshet, Ben Gurion, Israel
Dudai, N., Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe ya'Ar Research Center, Ramat Ishai, Israel
Soloway, E., Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, D.N. Hevel Eilot, Israel

Among the most reputed ancient medical plants was the balm of Gilead known as the apharsemon, identified botanically as Commiphora gileadensis L. This plant originated in the Kingdom of Sheba on the south of the Arabian Peninsala. Apharsemon, known also as the Judean balsam, grew as an agricultural crop only around the Dead Sea Basin in antiquity and achieved fame by its highly reputed aroma and medical properties but has been extinct for many centuries. The resin of this crop was sold at a price twice its weight in gold, the highest price ever paid for an agricultural commodity. This ancient plant was investigated in this study for its anticancerous activity against cancer cell lines. The results obtained from ethanolbased extracts indicated that β-caryophyllene (trans-(1R,9S)-8-methylene-4,11,11- trimethylbicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene) is a key component in the essential oil extracted from the balm of Gilead. β-Caryophyllene can be found in a variety of food and beverage products. In the current paper, we report that Commiphora gileadensis stem and leaf extracts as well as its essential oil have an anti-proliferative proapoptotic effect against tumor cells and not against normal cells. β- caryophyllene caused a potent induction of apoptosis accompanied by DNA ladder and caspase-3 catalytic activity in tumor cell lines. In summary, we showed that C. gileadensis plant contain an apoptosis inducer that acts, in a selective manner, against tumor cell lines and not against normal cells.