Richard Stouthamer, Paul Rugman-Jones, Pham Q. Thu†, Akif Eskalen, Tim Thibault, Jiri Hulcr, Liang-Jong Wang, Bjarte H. Jordal, Chi-Yu Chen, Miriam Cooperband, Ching-Shan Lin, Naoto Kamata, Sheng-Shan Lu, Hayato Masuya, , Robert Rabaglia, Sunisa Sanguansub, Hsin-Hui Shih, Wisut Sittichaya and Shixiang Zong

∗Department of Entomology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A., †Forest Protection Research Center, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, 42 Duc Thang Rd, Duc Thang Ward, Northern Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, ‡Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A., §Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Street, San Marino, CA 91108, U.S.A., ¶Forest Entomology, University of Florida, 317 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, U.S.A., ∗∗Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Road, Taipei, 10066 Taiwan, ††The University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Parkweien 9, 5007 Bergen, Norway, ‡‡Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, §§Otis Laboratory, USDA – APHIS – PPQ – CPHST, 1398 W. Truck Road, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542, U.S.A., ¶¶Department of Entomology, Taiwan National University, No. 1, Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ∗∗∗The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, 92-95 Nabeyashiki, Shimi-Kuriyagawa, Furano, 079-1563, Japan, †††Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 9-61 Yamabe Dongcho, Morioka, Japan §§§USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, FHP-3CE, 201 14th St. S.W., Washington, DC 20250, U.S.A., ¶¶¶Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Kamphaeng Saen Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand, ∗∗∗∗Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI), 198 Chung-Shin Village, Kaohsiung, 84443, Taiwan, ††††Faculty of Natural Resources, Department of Pest Management, Prince of Songkla University, Karnjanavanit Soi 15 Rd, Tambon Kho Hong, Amphoe Hat Yai, Chang Wat Songkhla 90112, Thailand and ‡‡‡‡College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, China

The ambrosia beetle morphologically identified as Euwallacea fornicatus consists of several cryptic species that exhibit large differences in the DNA sequences of several nuclear and mitochondrial gene regions

Based on these differences, we suggest that there are at least three different species each with distinct phylogeography

Members of this cryptic species complex have invaded many areas outside their native range and cause substantial damage to both agriculture (avocado in particular) and other tree species

Three of these cryptic species have invaded the USA: two species in California and a third species in both Florida and Hawaii

Identification of their native range allows directed search for their natural enemies that may be used in biological control of these tree pests