Cacace, D., Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, Dresden, 01062, Germany; Fatta-Kassinos, D., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus; Manaia, C.M., Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Portugal; Kreuzinger, N., Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13Vienna 1040, Austria; Rizzo, L., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 1, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy; Karaolia, P., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus; Schwartz, T., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany; Alexander, J., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany; Merlin, C., Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour Les Matériaux et L'Environnement (LCPME), CNRS-Université de Lorraine, UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F54500, France; Garelick, H., Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, United Kingdom; Schmitt, H., Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht, 3584, Netherlands; de Vries, D., Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht, 3584, Netherlands; Schwermer, C.U., Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway; Meric, S., Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, 59860, Turkey; Ozkal, C.B., Corlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, 59860, Turkey; Pons, M.-N., Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, BP 20451, Nancy Cedex, 54001, France; Kneis, D., Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, Dresden, 01062, Germany; Berendonk, T.U., Environmental Sciences Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zellescher Weg 40, Dresden, 01062, Germany
There is increasing public concern regarding the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during wastewater treatment, their persistence during the treatment process and their potential impacts on the receiving water bodies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the abundance of nine ARGs and a class 1 integron associated integrase gene in 16 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from ten different European countries. In order to assess the impact on the receiving water bodies, gene abundances in the latter were also analysed. Six out of the nine ARGs analysed were detected in all effluent and river water samples. Among the quantified genes, intI1 and sul1 were the most abundant. Our results demonstrate that European WWTP contribute to the enrichment of the resistome in the receiving water bodies with the particular impact being dependent on the effluent load and local hydrological conditions. The ARGs concentrations in WWTP effluents were found to be inversely correlated to the number of implemented biological treatment steps, indicating a possible option for WWTP management. Furthermore, this study has identified blaOXA-58 as a possible resistance gene for future studies investigating the impact of WWTPs on their receiving water. © 2019 The Authors
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