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Symbiosis

The associations between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps are mutualistic partnerships. The shrimp constructs a burrow which provides the goby with a shelter, whereas, the goby provides the almost blind shrimp with a tactile alarm system. The goby warns the shrimp of danger by the emittance of tail flicks and its head or tail first burrow entrances. In this field study, gobies were stimulated to emit the tail flick warning signals by a slow approaching predator model and a live restrained predator. Three associations were tested, each consisting of a goby of a different genus, associated with a different species of alpheid shrimp: Cryptocentrus lutheri with Alpheus djiboutensisAmblyeleotris steinitzi with A. purpurilenticularis and Ctenogobiops maculosus with A. rapax. Two patterns of high and low rate signal generation were found in the experiment with the mobile model and the live restrained predator as well. Cryptocentrus lutheri produced relatively few warning signals when stimulated by the model, less than a quarter of the signals produced by the other two species. This goby entered its burrows tail first, when the model was about three times further away compared with the distance from the model when Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops maculosus retreated head first into their burrows. Cryptocentrus lutheri produced as well fewer warning signals and signal series when exposed to a live restrained predator compared with Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops maculosus. Phylogenies of gobies associated with shrimps were previously found to consist of two clades nested amongst non-mutualistic gobiid fish, indicating that the goby-shrimp partnership evolved twice. The findings of this study suggest that the evolution of these two clades resulted in two behavioral types of gobies, namely low and high rate warning signal generators.

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The tail flick warning signals and the molecular phylogeny and evolution of gobiid fishes associated with burrowing alpheid shrimps
The tail flick warning signals and the molecular phylogeny and evolution of gobiid fishes associated with burrowing alpheid shrimps

The associations between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps are mutualistic partnerships. The shrimp constructs a burrow which provides the goby with a shelter, whereas, the goby provides the almost blind shrimp with a tactile alarm system. The goby warns the shrimp of danger by the emittance of tail flicks and its head or tail first burrow entrances. In this field study, gobies were stimulated to emit the tail flick warning signals by a slow approaching predator model and a live restrained predator. Three associations were tested, each consisting of a goby of a different genus, associated with a different species of alpheid shrimp: Cryptocentrus lutheri with Alpheus djiboutensisAmblyeleotris steinitzi with A. purpurilenticularis and Ctenogobiops maculosus with A. rapax. Two patterns of high and low rate signal generation were found in the experiment with the mobile model and the live restrained predator as well. Cryptocentrus lutheri produced relatively few warning signals when stimulated by the model, less than a quarter of the signals produced by the other two species. This goby entered its burrows tail first, when the model was about three times further away compared with the distance from the model when Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops maculosus retreated head first into their burrows. Cryptocentrus lutheri produced as well fewer warning signals and signal series when exposed to a live restrained predator compared with Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops maculosus. Phylogenies of gobies associated with shrimps were previously found to consist of two clades nested amongst non-mutualistic gobiid fish, indicating that the goby-shrimp partnership evolved twice. The findings of this study suggest that the evolution of these two clades resulted in two behavioral types of gobies, namely low and high rate warning signal generators.

Scientific Publication
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