Katja Berger
Miriam Machwitz
Marlena Kycko
Shawn C. Kefauver
Shari Van Wittenberghe
Max Gerhards
Jochem Verrelst
Clement Atzberger
Christiaanvan der TolⁱAlexander Damm
Uwe Rascher
Itta iHerrmann
Veronica Sobejano Paz
Sven Fahrner
Roland Pieruschka
Egor Prikaziuk
Ma. Luisa Buchaillot
Andrej Halabuk
Marco Celesti
Gerbrand Koren
Esra Tunc Gormus
Micol Rossini
Michael Foerster
Bastian Siegmann
Asmaa Abdelbaki
Giulia Tagliabue
Tobias Hank
Roshanak Darvishzadeh
Helge Aasen
Monica Garcia
Isabel Pôças
Subhajit Bandopadhyay
Mauro Sulis
Enrico Tomelleri
Offer Rozenstein
Lachezar Filchev
Gheorghe Stancile
Martin Schlerf

Remote detection and monitoring of the vegetation responses to stress became relevant for sustainable agriculture. Ongoing developments in optical remote sensing technologies have provided tools to increase our understanding of stress-related physiological processes. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an overview of the main spectral technologies and retrieval approaches for detecting crop stress in agriculture. Firstly, we present integrated views on: i) biotic and abiotic stress factors, the phases of stress, and respective plant responses, and ii) the affected traits, appropriate spectral domains and corresponding methods for measuring traits remotely. Secondly, representative results of a systematic literature analysis are highlighted, identifying the current status and possible future trends in stress detection and monitoring. Distinct plant responses occurring under short-term, medium-term or severe chronic stress exposure can be captured with remote sensing due to specific light interaction processes, such as absorption and scattering manifested in the reflected radiance, i.e. visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared, and emitted radiance, i.e. solar-induced fluorescence and thermal infrared (TIR). From the analysis of 96 research papers, the following trends can be observed: increasing usage of satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle data in parallel with a shift in methods from simpler parametric approaches towards more advanced physically-based and hybrid models. Most study designs were largely driven by sensor availability and practical economic reasons, leading to the common usage of VIS-NIR-TIR sensor combinations. The majority of reviewed studies compared stress proxies calculated from single-source sensor domains rather than using data in a synergistic way. We identified new ways forward as guidance for improved synergistic usage of spectral domains for stress detection: (1) combined acquisition of data from multiple sensors for analysing multiple stress responses simultaneously (holistic view); (2) simultaneous retrieval of plant traits combining multi-domain radiative transfer models and machine learning methods; (3) assimilation of estimated plant traits from distinct spectral domains into integrated crop growth models. As a future outlook, we recommend combining multiple remote sensing data streams into crop model assimilation schemes to build up Digital Twins of agroecosystems, which may provide the most efficient way to detect the diversity of environmental and biotic stresses and thus enable respective management decisions.