Steinitz, B., Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Field and Garden Crops, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Küsek, M., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam, 46060 Kahramanmaras, Turkey
Tabib, Y., Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Field and Garden Crops, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Paran, I., Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Field and Garden Crops, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Zelcer, A., Department of Plant Genetics, Institute of Field and Garden Crops, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel

Three auxin-type herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester (centrophenoxine), and quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac) induced direct somatic embryogenesis in seed-derived zygotic embryo explants of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) when added to Murashige and Skoog medium with 200 mM sucrose. Optimum concentrations for embryogenesis induction were 0.40-0.45 mM and 1.15-1.30 mM for 2,4-D and centrophenoxine, respectively (in the presence of 5.0 g l-1 activated charcoal), or 40 μM for quinclorac (in medium without activated charcoal). Somatic embryos emerged from the epidermal and subepidermal tissues and developed on the surface of the explant. Centrophenoxine- or 2,4-D-mediated embryogenesis was accomplished from 95% of the explants in about 3 wk and, on average, six embryos were formed per explant. Induction efficiency was lower for quinclorac. Centrophenoxine-mediated embryogenesis was possible in 10 pepper cultivars, the extent of the response being genotype-dependent. Embryos detached from the explant and transplanted onto a growth regulator-free medium germinated; however, the recovered regenerants were without a shoot, and some of them bore a single deformed cotyledon while others had no cotyledons. Regenerants lacking a shoot were generated irrespective of the auxin type applied and across all responsive genotypes investigated. Absence of a shoot, resulting from a failure in the establishment of a normal functioning apical shoot meristem, was the principal developmental disorder that precluded regeneration of normal plants via direct somatic embryogenesis. Since stem cells of the shoot meristem become established in globular and heart-stage embryos, we deduce that the absence of a shoot in germinating embryos could originate from deviant differentiation at these early stages of embryogeny.