Co-Authors:
Soroker, V., Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Suma, P., Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Applied Entomology Section, University of Catania, Italy
La Pergola, A., Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Applied Entomology Section, University of Catania, Italy
Llopis, V.N., Universitat Politècnica de València, Center for Agricultural Chemical Ecology, Mediterranean Agroforestal Institute, Spain
Vacas, S., Universitat Politècnica de València, Center for Agricultural Chemical Ecology, Mediterranean Agroforestal Institute, Spain
Cohen, Y., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Cohen, Y., Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Alchanatis, V., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Milonas, P., Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Greece
Golomb, O., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Goldshtein, E., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
El Banna, A.E.M., Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
Hetzroni, A., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Abstract:
Management of any pest requires accurate information on the pest population, forecasting its dispersal and evaluating the success of eradication efforts. Preventing further spread of invasive pests requires monitoring, especially at ports of entry and at new infestation foci. Both the red palm weevil (RPW) and palm borer moth (PBM) develop inside the palm, well hidden from view. Therefore, their detection is a challenge. Early detection of RPW infestation is crucial because, at an early infestation stage, palms can be treated and usually recover. The problem is especially severe since not all palms can be inspected directly. Several approaches have been undertaken to detect infested trees, and the present chapter describes some of these, in particular: (1) acoustic detection, which identifies gnawing sounds of both RPW and PBM larvae, produced as they chew and move in the infested palms; (2) chemical detection of infested trees by dogs or electronic nose; (3) thermal detection by imaging based on physiological changes in infested palms that can be sensed through inspection of the thermal spectrum of the irradiation reflected from the tree canopy; and (4) area-wide monitoring of RPW, which is often based on weevil captures in surveillance traps with a specific lure based on a mixture of RPW aggregation pheromone and plant kairomone. Advances in each of these detection techniques, their advantages, pitfalls, and potential future implementation in RPW and PBM management are discussed. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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