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Lausch, A., Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany, Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Baade, J., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Bannehr, L., Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geoinformation, Institut for Geoinformation and Surveying, Bauhausstraße 8, Dessau, D-06846, Germany; Borg, E., German Aerospace Center-DLR, German Remote Sensing Data Center-DFD, Kalkhorstweg 53, Neustrelitz, D-17235, Germany, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Strasse 2, Neubrandenburg, D-17033, Germany; Bumberger, J., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Chabrilliat, S., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Dietrich, P., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Gerighausen, H., Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Bundesallee 69, Braunschweig, D-38116, Germany; Glässer, C., Department of Remote Sensing, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, Halle, D-06120, Germany; Hacker, J.M., Airborne Research Australia, Parafield Airport, SA  5106, Australia, Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering, Adelaide, SA  5000, Australia; Haase, D., Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany, Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Jagdhuber, T., German Aerospace Center (DLR) Microwaves and Radar Institute, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, D-82234, Germany; Jany, S., MILAN Geoservice GmbH, Zum Tower 4, Kamenz, D-01917, Germany; Jung, A., Technical Department, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, 1118, Hungary; Karnieli, A., The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Sede Boger, 83990, Israel; Kraemer, R., Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Makki, M., Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Mielke, C., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Möller, M., Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, Kleinmachnow, D-14532, Germany; Mollenhauer, H., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Montzka, C., Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geoscience, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., Jülich, D-52428, Germany; Pause, M., Institut of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical University Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 10, Dresden, D-01061, Germany; Rogass, C., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Schmullius, C., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Schrodt, F., University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Schrön, M., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schulz, K., Institute for Hydrology and Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria; Schütze, C., Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schweitzer, C., German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau Roßlau, D-06844, Germany; Selsam, P., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Skidmore, A.K., Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, AE 7500, Netherlands, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW  2109, Australia; Spengler, D., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Thiel, C., DLR Institute of Data Science, Mälzerstraße 3, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Truckenbrodt, S.C., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany, DLR Institute of Data Science, Mälzerstraße 3, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Vohland, M., Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 19a, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany; Wagner, R., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 2, Rostock, D-18059, Germany; Weber, U., Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Werban, U., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Wollschläger, U., Department Soil System Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, D-06120, Germany; Zacharias, S., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schaepman, M.E., Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography and University Research Priority Program on Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland

In the face of rapid global change it is imperative to preserve geodiversity for the overall conservation of biodiversity. Geodiversity is important for understanding complex biogeochemical and physical processes and is directly and indirectly linked to biodiversity on all scales of ecosystem organization. Despite the great importance of geodiversity, there is a lack of suitable monitoring methods. Compared to conventional in-situ techniques, remote sensing (RS) techniques provide a pathway towards cost-effective, increasingly more available, comprehensive, and repeatable, as well as standardized monitoring of continuous geodiversity on the local to global scale. This paper gives an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches for monitoring soil characteristics and soil moisture with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and air- and spaceborne remote sensing techniques. Initially, the definitions for geodiversity along with its five essential characteristics are provided, with an explanation for the latter. Then, the approaches of spectral traits (ST) and spectral trait variations (STV) to record geodiversity using RS are defined. LiDAR (light detection and ranging), thermal and microwave sensors, multispectral, and hyperspectral RS technologies to monitor soil characteristics and soil moisture are also presented. Furthermore, the paper discusses current and future satellite-borne sensors and missions as well as existing data products. Due to the prospects and limitations of the characteristics of different RS sensors, only specific geotraits and geodiversity characteristics can be recorded. The paper provides an overview of those geotraits. © 2019 by the authors.

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Linking remote sensing and geodiversity and their traits relevant to biodiversity-Part I: Soil characteristics
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Lausch, A., Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany, Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Baade, J., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Bannehr, L., Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geoinformation, Institut for Geoinformation and Surveying, Bauhausstraße 8, Dessau, D-06846, Germany; Borg, E., German Aerospace Center-DLR, German Remote Sensing Data Center-DFD, Kalkhorstweg 53, Neustrelitz, D-17235, Germany, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Strasse 2, Neubrandenburg, D-17033, Germany; Bumberger, J., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Chabrilliat, S., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Dietrich, P., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Gerighausen, H., Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Bundesallee 69, Braunschweig, D-38116, Germany; Glässer, C., Department of Remote Sensing, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, Halle, D-06120, Germany; Hacker, J.M., Airborne Research Australia, Parafield Airport, SA  5106, Australia, Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering, Adelaide, SA  5000, Australia; Haase, D., Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany, Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Jagdhuber, T., German Aerospace Center (DLR) Microwaves and Radar Institute, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, D-82234, Germany; Jany, S., MILAN Geoservice GmbH, Zum Tower 4, Kamenz, D-01917, Germany; Jung, A., Technical Department, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, 1118, Hungary; Karnieli, A., The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, Sede Boger, 83990, Israel; Kraemer, R., Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Makki, M., Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, D-10099, Germany; Mielke, C., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Möller, M., Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, Kleinmachnow, D-14532, Germany; Mollenhauer, H., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Montzka, C., Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geoscience, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., Jülich, D-52428, Germany; Pause, M., Institut of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical University Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 10, Dresden, D-01061, Germany; Rogass, C., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Schmullius, C., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Schrodt, F., University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Schrön, M., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schulz, K., Institute for Hydrology and Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria; Schütze, C., Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schweitzer, C., German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau Roßlau, D-06844, Germany; Selsam, P., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Skidmore, A.K., Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, AE 7500, Netherlands, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW  2109, Australia; Spengler, D., Helmholtz Center Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany; Thiel, C., DLR Institute of Data Science, Mälzerstraße 3, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Truckenbrodt, S.C., Institut of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Loebdergraben 32, Jena, D-07743, Germany, DLR Institute of Data Science, Mälzerstraße 3, Jena, D-07743, Germany; Vohland, M., Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 19a, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany; Wagner, R., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 2, Rostock, D-18059, Germany; Weber, U., Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Werban, U., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Wollschläger, U., Department Soil System Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, Halle, D-06120, Germany; Zacharias, S., Department Monitoring and Exploration Technology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, D-04318, Germany; Schaepman, M.E., Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography and University Research Priority Program on Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland

Linking remote sensing and geodiversity and their traits relevant to biodiversity-Part I: Soil characteristics

In the face of rapid global change it is imperative to preserve geodiversity for the overall conservation of biodiversity. Geodiversity is important for understanding complex biogeochemical and physical processes and is directly and indirectly linked to biodiversity on all scales of ecosystem organization. Despite the great importance of geodiversity, there is a lack of suitable monitoring methods. Compared to conventional in-situ techniques, remote sensing (RS) techniques provide a pathway towards cost-effective, increasingly more available, comprehensive, and repeatable, as well as standardized monitoring of continuous geodiversity on the local to global scale. This paper gives an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches for monitoring soil characteristics and soil moisture with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and air- and spaceborne remote sensing techniques. Initially, the definitions for geodiversity along with its five essential characteristics are provided, with an explanation for the latter. Then, the approaches of spectral traits (ST) and spectral trait variations (STV) to record geodiversity using RS are defined. LiDAR (light detection and ranging), thermal and microwave sensors, multispectral, and hyperspectral RS technologies to monitor soil characteristics and soil moisture are also presented. Furthermore, the paper discusses current and future satellite-borne sensors and missions as well as existing data products. Due to the prospects and limitations of the characteristics of different RS sensors, only specific geotraits and geodiversity characteristics can be recorded. The paper provides an overview of those geotraits. © 2019 by the authors.

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