Jintae Lee - School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea

Hydrodynamic forces that typically act in healthy cells maintain fluid osmoregulation by balancing hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. The sodium–potassium pump has a fundamental role in the maintenance of cellular osmoregulation [2]. Functionally, the sodium–potassium pump is regulated by Na⁺/K⁺ adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase, a ubiquitous enzyme that continually uses ATP by pumping 3 Na⁺ ions out of and importing 2 K⁺ ions into cells. When a constant sodium gradient is upheld, water molecules cross the plasma membrane by passive diffusion, maintaining dynamic homeostasis.