Patricia Bucki - Volcani Center, Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel. 
Xue Qing  - Volcani Center, Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel; Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
Pablo Castillo - Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council, 14004 Cordoba, Spain. 
Abraham Gamliel - Volcani Center, Laboratory for Pest Management Research, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel.
Svetlana Dobrinin - Extension Service (Shaham), Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel. 
Tamar Alon - Extension Service (Shaham), Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel. 
Sigal Braun Miyara  - Volcani Center, Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 15159, Israel.

Due to Israel's successful agricultural production and diverse climatic conditions, plant-parasitic nematodes are flourishing. The occurrence of new, previously unidentified species in Israel or of suggested new species worldwide is a consequence of the continuous withdrawal of efficient nematicides. Among plant-parasitic nematodes, migratory endoparasitic species of the genus Pratylenchus are widely distributed in vegetable and crop fields in Israel and are associated with major reductions in quality and yield. This review focuses on the occurrence, distribution, diagnosis, pathogenicity, and phylogeny of all Pratylenchus species recorded over the last few decades on different crops grown throughout Israel-covering early information from nematologists to recent reports involving the use of molecular phylogenetic methodologies. We explore the accepted distinction between Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus mediterraneus isolated from Israel's northern Negev region, and address the confusion concerning the findings related to these Pratylenchus species. Our recent sampling from the northern Negev revealed the occurrence of both P. thornei and P. mediterraneus on the basis of molecular identification, indicating P. mediterraneus as a sister species of P. thornei and their potential occurrence in a mixed infection. Finally, the efficiencies of common control measures taken to reduce Pratylenchus' devastating damage in protected crops and field crops is discussed.