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Zhaowan Shi  - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
Tamar Halaly-Basha - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Chuanlin Zheng - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
Michal Sharabi-Schwager - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Chen Wang  - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.

David W Galbraith - School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, 475004, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, 475004, China. 
Ron Ophir - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Xuequn Pang - College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. 
Etti Or - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel.

Ethylene signaling appears critical for grape bud dormancy release. We therefore focused on identification and characterization of potential downstream targets and events, assuming that they participate in the regulation of dormancy release. Since Ethylene Responding Factors (ERF) are natural candidates for targets of ethylene signaling, we initially characterized the behavior of two VvERF-VIIs, which we identified within a gene set induced by dormancy release stimuli. As expected, these VvERF-VIIs are localized within the nucleus, and are stabilized upon decreases in oxygen availability within the dormant buds. Less expected, the proteins are also stabilized upon hydrogen cyanamide (HC) application under normoxic conditions, and their levels peak at deepest dormancy under vineyard conditions. We proceeded to catalogue the response of all bud-expressed ERFs, and identified additional ERFs that respond similarly to ethylene, HC, azide and hypoxia. We also identified a core set of genes that are similarly affected by treatment with ethylene and with various dormancy release stimuli. Interestingly, the functional annotations of this core set center around response to energy crisis and renewal of energy resources via autophagy-mediated catabolism. Since ERF-VIIs are stabilized under energy shortage and reshape cell metabolism to allow energy regeneration, we propose that (1) the availability of VvERF-VIIs is a consequence of an energy crisis within the bud, (2) VvERF-VIIs function as part of an energy-regenerating mechanism, which activates anaerobic metabolism and autophagy-mediated macromolecule catabolism, and (3) activation of catabolism serves as the mandatory switch and the driving force for activation of the growth-inhibited meristem during bud-break.

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Identification of potential post-ethylene events in the signaling cascade induced by stimuli of bud dormancy release in grapevine

Zhaowan Shi  - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
Tamar Halaly-Basha - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Chuanlin Zheng - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
Michal Sharabi-Schwager - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Chen Wang  - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.

David W Galbraith - School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, 475004, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng, 475004, China. 
Ron Ophir - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel. 
Xuequn Pang - College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. 
Etti Or - Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel.

Identification of potential post-ethylene events in the signaling cascade induced by stimuli of bud dormancy release in grapevine

Ethylene signaling appears critical for grape bud dormancy release. We therefore focused on identification and characterization of potential downstream targets and events, assuming that they participate in the regulation of dormancy release. Since Ethylene Responding Factors (ERF) are natural candidates for targets of ethylene signaling, we initially characterized the behavior of two VvERF-VIIs, which we identified within a gene set induced by dormancy release stimuli. As expected, these VvERF-VIIs are localized within the nucleus, and are stabilized upon decreases in oxygen availability within the dormant buds. Less expected, the proteins are also stabilized upon hydrogen cyanamide (HC) application under normoxic conditions, and their levels peak at deepest dormancy under vineyard conditions. We proceeded to catalogue the response of all bud-expressed ERFs, and identified additional ERFs that respond similarly to ethylene, HC, azide and hypoxia. We also identified a core set of genes that are similarly affected by treatment with ethylene and with various dormancy release stimuli. Interestingly, the functional annotations of this core set center around response to energy crisis and renewal of energy resources via autophagy-mediated catabolism. Since ERF-VIIs are stabilized under energy shortage and reshape cell metabolism to allow energy regeneration, we propose that (1) the availability of VvERF-VIIs is a consequence of an energy crisis within the bud, (2) VvERF-VIIs function as part of an energy-regenerating mechanism, which activates anaerobic metabolism and autophagy-mediated macromolecule catabolism, and (3) activation of catabolism serves as the mandatory switch and the driving force for activation of the growth-inhibited meristem during bud-break.

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